E

　　特殊動(dòng)詞不定式的“省略與保留”

　　一、不定式符號(hào)的省略與保留

　　1. 在had better, would rather, would rather...than, would sooner...than,

　　cannot but, why (not)等結(jié)構(gòu)后面的不定式符號(hào)to通常被省略。如:

　　You’d better tell her the truth. 你最好告訴她真相。

　　2. 動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)作介詞but, except, besides的賓語(yǔ),且介詞之前有行為動(dòng)詞do或它的其它形式時(shí),不定式符號(hào)to通常被省略。如:

　　What do you like to do besides swim?

　　除了游泳,你還喜歡干什么?

　　My mother could do nothing but wait for the doctor to arrive.

　　媽媽只好等著醫(yī)生的到來(lái)。

　　Now he had given himself no choice but to tell her. (本句中不定式符號(hào)to不可省略)

　　當(dāng)時(shí)他毫無(wú)選擇的余地,只好告訴她了。

　　3.兩個(gè)或多個(gè)不定式短語(yǔ)表示并列關(guān)系時(shí),后面不定式短語(yǔ)的不定式符號(hào)to通常被省略;如果表示對(duì)比關(guān)系,則不定式中的不定式符號(hào)to通常要保留。如: 

　　They didn’t tell me whether to go on or to stop.(對(duì)比關(guān)系)

　　他們沒(méi)有告訴我是繼續(xù)下去還是停止。

　　She told the child to stay there and wait till she came back.(并列關(guān)系)

　　她讓孩子待在那里等她回來(lái)。

　　4.在某些感官動(dòng)詞或使役動(dòng)詞(如 hear, listen to, notice, observe, see, watch,

　　make等)之后充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的不定式中,不定式符號(hào)to總是被省略,但在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的句子中,不定式符號(hào)to通常要保留。如:

　　They made that man work all the morning.

　　他們讓那個(gè)人干了一個(gè)早晨。

　　That man was made to work all the morning.

　　那個(gè)人被要求干了一個(gè)早晨。

　　5. 不定式短語(yǔ)作表語(yǔ),不定式符號(hào)to常常要保留,但當(dāng)what引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句作主語(yǔ),或all, everything等后接定語(yǔ)從句作主語(yǔ),從句謂語(yǔ)部分含有動(dòng)詞do或do的其他形式時(shí),作表語(yǔ)的不定式可以保留也可省略不定式符號(hào)to。如:

　　The greatest happiness is to work for the happiness of all.

　　最大的幸福就是為大家的幸福而工作。

　　The only thing I can do now is (to)go on by myself.

　　我現(xiàn)在唯一能做的就是靠自己繼續(xù)進(jìn)行下去。

　　二、不定式符號(hào)后面動(dòng)詞的省略與保留

　　1. 為了避免重復(fù),在hope, wish, want, like, love, decide, plan, mean, prefer,

　　want, have to, be able to, be going to, used to, ought to等動(dòng)詞及習(xí)語(yǔ)后面出現(xiàn)與上文相同的不定式時(shí),常保留不定式符號(hào)to,而把其它部分省略。如: 

　　Ms King lied to us because she had to.

　　金女士跟我們?nèi)隽酥e,因?yàn)樗�不得不這樣做。

　�。璉 heard that you would go to Dalian for your holiday.

　　我聽說(shuō)你要去大連度假。

　�。璉 planned to, but I have some important business to deal with.

　　我原計(jì)劃去的,但有重要的事情要處理。

　　2.當(dāng)不定式在ask, advise, persuade, wish, allow, permit, tell, expect, force,

　　invite, beg等動(dòng)詞后面充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí),為了避免重復(fù),常保留不定式符號(hào),而把后面的動(dòng)詞省略。如:

　　She wants to come but her parents won’t allow her to.

　　她想來(lái),但她的父母不允許。

　　If he doesn’t want to go there, don’t force him to.

　　如果他不想去那里,別強(qiáng)迫他。

　　He didn’t come, though we had invited him to.

　　雖然我們邀請(qǐng)了他,但他沒(méi)來(lái)。

　　－Did your husband give up smoking?

　　你丈夫戒煙了嗎?

　�。璑o. He was advised to, but he wouldn’t listen.

　　沒(méi)有。有人勸過(guò)他,但他就是不聽。 

　　3. 在特定的上下文中,為了避免重復(fù),如果不定式為一般式to be...或完成式to have done時(shí),則不定式符號(hào)to和be或have常一并保留,be或have之后的部分通常要省略。如:

　�。瑼ren’t you the headmaster?

　　你難道不是校長(zhǎng)嗎?

　�。璑o, and I don’t want to be.

　　我不是,而且我也不想當(dāng)。

　　－Hasn’t he finished writing the report?

　　難道他還沒(méi)寫完報(bào)告嗎?

　�。璑o, but he ought to have.

　　是的,但他本來(lái)應(yīng)該寫完。